By Jim Horton
The marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) is a fascinating amphibian native to Indiana, well-known for its unique fall breeding season. Unlike many other salamanders that breed in spring, the marbled salamander begins its reproductive cycle in late autumn, typically from September to early November. This breeding strategy is specially adapted to its woodland habitats in the Midwest, where seasonal rains create temporary pools essential for the survival of its larvae.
During this time, adult marbled salamanders leave their hidden daytime retreats under logs, rocks, or leaf litter to migrate to these shallow, often ephemeral pools. Males and females engage in courtship rituals, with males displaying their contrasting black and white bands to attract a mate. Once paired, the female lays her eggs in depressions at the pool’s edge, rather than directly in the water. She then guards her clutch, protecting the eggs from predators and desiccation until rains fill the pools, submerging the eggs and allowing them to hatch.
This fall breeding strategy gives marbled salamander larvae a significant advantage. By hatching before other species that breed in spring, they grow larger and stronger, increasing their survival rates. However, this strategy is risky: without sufficient fall rains, the eggs might dry out before hatching.
Marbled salamanders are a critical part of Indiana’s ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity and indicating healthy wetland habitats. Our local wetlands, including these ephemeral pools, are vital for preserving these unique creatures and their autumnal breeding habits.
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